Last updated: May 6, 2026 | Reading time: 12 minutes Introduction – The Billion‑Dollar Question In 2020, training GPT‑3 cost an estimated $4.6 million. By 2024, training GPT‑4 exceeded $100 million. In 2026, rumors suggest that training GPT‑5 – or its equivalent – cost over $1 billion. Meanwhile, running these models (inference) costs even more. … Read more
Last updated: May 6, 2026 | Reading time: 12 minutes Introduction – The Paradox of Competition Google, Amazon, and Microsoft are spending over $500 billion annually on AI infrastructure. They have each designed their own custom AI chips – TPUs, Trainium/Inferentia, and Maia. Amazon boasts up to 50% lower training costs. Google claims 30–44% better … Read more
Last updated: May 6, 2026Reading time: 12 minutes Introduction In 2026, Microsoft sits on $80 billion in unfulfilled Azure orders—not because customers lack interest, but because the company cannot find enough electricity to power its GPUs. Across the industry, Nvidia’s newest AI chips are backordered through 2027, and nearly half of planned US data center builds have … Read more
